BARCODE

                                                                     BARCODE(1948)

The development of barcodes stemmed from comments made by a food-chain president to a dean at The Drexel institute of technology, Philadelphia, in 1948, and overhead by graduate student Bernard Silver (1924-1962). The company wanted some sort system to collect product information at the Checkout automatically, but the dean had little interest in initiating such research. Silver decided that He and his friend Norman woodland (b.1921) should pursue the solution. eventually the pair turned To a combination of movie  soundtrack technology invented by lee de forest in the 1920s and Morse Code dots and dashes; "I just extended the dots and dashes downward and made narrow lines and Wide lines out of them," said woodland.

  De forest's film included a varying transparency pattern on its edge. When a light was shined Through it, sensing equipment on the other side converted the changes in brightness into electronic Waveforms that translated into sound. Woodland adapted this system by reflecting the light off his Wide and narrow lines and coupling the sensor to an oscilloscope. They had invented the first Electronic reader of printed data. the advent of affordable, low-power, laser light sources, and "Compact" computers to process the captured data, did not occur until several years later.
 
      The first product with a barcode [chewing gum] was scanned at a checkout counter.

MAGLEV TRAIN

                                                               MAGLEV TRAIN (1979)

Magnetically levitated (maglev) trains glide above a track, propelled by superconducting Electromagnets. the principal is more than century old, but initially the huge electrical currents Needed to provide a sufficiently strong magnetic field were impractical. The breakthrough came When two physicists,Gordon Danby and James Powell, at Brookhaven national laboratory decided to Use high temperature superconductors as electromagnets. They obtained a patient for the technology In 1968, and by 1979 visitors to a transportation exhibition in Hamburg, Germany, where enjoying a Short test run on a Transrapid maglev train.

   Maglev trains need a guiding track and the carriages flat just above it. changing the field produced By the electromagnetic guideway pulls the train along. the only friction is due to air resistance, so Extremely high speed are possible. changes in field strength can produce very high accelerations, and Much more variable track gradients can be accommodated than with normal trains, so cuttings and Embankments would not be needed.
    There are serious disadvantage to maglevs. TMhe guideways are extremely expensive, and the train Cannot be diverted from the maglev track to normal railways to take existing inner city termini.

            
   Maglev trains were introduced in the united kingdom in 1984,linking Birmingham airport to the Nearby railway station. In china, another system links Shanghai to Pudong international airport. the Success of the TGV trains that run on normal tracks, however, has reduced the appeal of maglev.

                                                

CRASH TEST DUMMY

                                               

                                                        CRASH TEST DUMMY(1949)

In the late 1940s, the U.S. air force wanted data on how deployment of their newly designed ejection Seats would affect the pilots who were strapped into them. for the first time, a crash test dummy as Created to obtain the information. this very smart dummy was named "Sierra Sam" and was built in 1949 by american Samuel Alderson (1914-2005) in partnership with the sierra engineering co.

 
 Prior to the arrival of the crash test dummy, human cadavers were used to guide safety design. Working with corpses was of course highly unpleasant, but also the human bodies were very limited In Terms of information they could convey to researchers. it was also impossible to use them Repeatedly To any useful purpose, and although they gave limited information on what injuries might Be Sustained, they gave no clue how the living would react in scenario under investigation. but Alderson's Carefully fake human could. while crash test dummies were made famous by their well-Publicized Work in car safety,their uses in the auto industry began more than twenty years dummies Were first Created.

 Alderson remained involved in crash test dummy research after his first involved in crash test Dummy Research after the his invention, and in 1968, responding to the danger of driving, he Designed a car-Specific dummy that he dubbed"V.I.P." this very important dummy and its modern Descendents have Been used to test seat belts,Airbags,reinforced doors, Antilock brakes, as well as Influence total car Designs. without complaining they have endured endless simulated collisions to Measure velocity of Impact, crushing force, deceleration rates,bending,folding, and torque of the Body. we owe modern Automobile safety features to "anthropomorphic test devices". for dummies, They turned out to be Very smart.
            "Any of us who [have walked] away from an Automobile accident is likely to have dummy to Thank".

BLOOD BANK

                                                               BLOOD BANK(1937)

Charles drew (1904-1950) is widely credited as the father of the modern blood bank. in 1937, drew Made the key discovering that separating red blood cells from the plasma(The liquid part of blood That can be given to anyone),and freezing the two separately, allowed blood to be preserved for Longer and reconstituted at the later date.
 

 
In February of 1941, Drew was appointed director of the first American Red cross blood bank, and Launched the "plasma for Britain project"where he collected thousands of units of plasma for the British war effort. From these samples the British army established its own blood transfusion Service,where dried and powered plasma could be stored and turned into liquid with the addition of Sterile, distilled water. after the war, doctors who had seen the effectiveness of transfusion therapy in Battle began to demand that blood be made available for treatment of civilian patients.

 An earlier discovery in 1915 by Richard Lewishon proved that adding sodium citrate to freshly drawn Blood prevented clotting, thus opening the way for the development of blood banks.In 1950 Breakable glass bottles replaced with plastic bags, allowing the development of system with multiple Of blood samples.The shelf life of stored blood was extended by the addition of an anticoagulation Preservative, CPDA-1, In 1979,in facilitating resource-sharing among blood banks.

 
 Ironically Drew died in a car accident in north Carolina, and was too severely injured to benefit from His own invention.Drew separates blood into red cells and plasma and establish the first blood bank.

JACUZZI

                                                             
                                                                     JACUZZI(1968)
                               
As with so many invention, the Jacuzzi the best known brand of hot tub was invented to fulfill a very Practical need: in this case, the healthcare of a family member. The jacuzzi family were Italian Immigrants to the united states in the early 1900s who developed a strong company in the aviation Industry, and then flourished by designing irrigation pumps. But it was not until 1948 that they Began developing the technology that would make them world famous.

    Candido jacuzzi (1903-1983) had a son who contracted rheumatoid arthritis and received Hydrotherapy treatment in hospital. wanting to bring his son home, he developed a hydraulic pump To replicate the boy's therapy, and for some years the pump was marked as the J-300 therapeutic Device.

                                 
        In 1968 third-generation family member Roy jacuzzi developed the first version of the modern Hot tub.Roy had joined the company as head of research and was looking for new products. He took Candido's J-300 device and developed it to sell to the leisure industry as a whirlpool bath. Marketed As the "Roman", Roy's design was the first self-contained consumer model to be sold. Previously an External pump had been lowered into the bath, but the Roman's pump was fully incorporated. The Roman pumped a 50/50 mix of water and air into the bath, a patented formula that the jacuzzi brand Still uses.
                                 
                       

OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE

                                                OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE (2002)
                                    
Thanks to Japanese research, the twenty-first-century soldier may soon be blending invisibly into the Background. the man behind optical camouflage,Susumu Tachi (b.1946), is a professor at Tokyo University, where he works on the "science and technology of artificial reality". ironically, since he Now works to make things invisible, Tachi previously developed a robotic guide dog for the blind.   

   The optical camouflage developed by Tachi and his research team works by filming the background Environment and projecting it onto a coat worm by the test subject. however, this is no average coat. It is covered in thousands of tiny beads that reflect light back to its source, therefore rendering the Coat invisible. this is the theory, but in reality the system is still far from perfect and in great need of Cutting back on the volume of equipment required.

     
        Tachi patented the "method and device for providing information "in 2002, and since then the Technology or variations of it have been appearing in U.S. military prototypes; monitored surgery May also benefit from the technology. modern warfare may soon be turning into one big game of Hide and seek.
                       

                             
     "Invisibility" is achieved by projecting the background onto a coat made of a special light-Reflective fabric.

     

artifical skin

                                           
                                                       Artificial Skin (1981)         
                                  
Human skin is a marvel of engineering.it is tough yet stretchy and pliable,and acts as an impermeable Barrier against water loss, infection,and cell damage from the sun's ultraviolet(UV)rays.with this Range of properties,it is a very difficult material to duplicate.

John f. Burke, a surgeon at Massachusetts general hospital in the united states,was looking for the Reliable skin replacement for the treatment of burn victims.skin is usually grafted from other parts of The patient's body, but in cases where the burns cover 50 Percent or more of the body,often there is Not enough healthy skin to cover the damaged area.

In the 1970 Burke teamed up with loannis V. Yannas, a chemistry professor at Massachusetts institute Of technology (MIT), who was studying a stretchy protein called collagen that naturally occurs in Animal tendons. Burke and Yannas combined collagen fibers taken from cowhide with long sugar Molecule from shark cartilage to create a Gridlike polymer membrane. they dried this membrane and Stuck it onto a layer of viscous plastic.

      The two layer, about as thick as a paper towel, offer against infection and dehydration while Acting as a scaffold on which new skin cells can grow. as a patient's skin grows back, the artificial Membrane breaks down naturally and can be peeled away. the new skin is not scarred and looks like Normal skin, albeit without sweat glands or hair follicles.

        In 1981 Burke and Yannis proved that their artificial skin worked on patient with 50 to 90 Percent Burns, vastly improving their chances of recovery.

e-mail

E-mail(1971)


In 1969 a company called bolt barenek and newman won the contract to develop a communication
network called ARPANET that would enable scientists and researchers to use each other computer facilities.during its development, an engineer named Ray Tomlinson (b. 1941) started to experiment with the coding of two programs. SNDMSG allowed  members of the same networl to exchange messages among one another, whereas CPYNET allowed file transfers to occur between two separate network. It occurred to Tomlinson that by combining the two he could create a system that would make message transfer possible between different users of independent networks.

       One of the most significant decisions made by Tomlinson was his choice of the  @ symbol to separate the user's name  from the host network name. It was a  fairly logical choice, but one that revived the rather esoteric symbol and saved it from the brink of linguistic extinction.

       Unaware of the global significance that the200 lines of code that made up the e-mail program would have, Tomlinson neglected to note what he wrote in the first e-mail ever sent (he claims it was something banal like "QWERTYUIOP" "TESTING 1 2 3 4").

       Allegedly, when Tomlinson first demonstrated his program to a coworker, the latter told him not to show the system to anyone become it was not part of their job description. Tomlinson has since said that even though there was no direct started objective to create e-mail, the ARPANET project was in  fact a giant and worthwhile investigation into the multifarious uses of computer communication. CL

Tomlinson develop a program allowing communication between computer network.